Passage 1: When the Israelites were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering sticks on the sabbath day. Those who found him gathering sticks brought him to Moses, Aaron, and to the whole congregation. They put him in custody, because it was not clear what should be done to him. Then the Lord said to Moses, "The man shall be put to death; all the congregation shall stone him outside the camp." The whole congregation brought him outside the camp and stoned him, just as the Lord had commanded Moses.
--Numbers 15:32-36
Passage 2: At that time Jesus went through the grainfields on the sabbath; his disciples were hungry, and they began to pluck heads of grain and to eat. When the Pharisees saw it, they said to him, "Look, your disciples are doing what is not lawful to do on the sabbath." He said to them, "Have you not read what David did when he and his companions were hungry? He entered the house of God and ate the bread of the Presence, which it was not lawful for him or his companions to eat, but only for the priests. Or have you not read in the law that on the sabbath the priests in the temple break the sabbath and yet are guiltless? I tell you, something greater than the temple is here. But if you had known what this means, "I desire mercy and sacrifice," you would not have condemned the guiltless. For the Son of Man is lord of the sabbath.
--Matthew 12:1-8 (abridged versions also in Mark 2:23-28, and in Luke 6:1-5)
Passage 3: After this there was a festival of the Jews, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. Now in Jerusalem by the Sheep Gate there is a pool, called in Hebrew Bethzatha, which has five porticoes. In these lay many invalids -- blind, lame, and paralyzed. One man was there who had been ill for thirty-eight years. When Jesus saw him lying there and knew that he had been there a long time, he said to him, "Do you want to be made well?" The sick man answered him, "Sir, I have no one to put me into the pool when the water is stirred up; and while I am making my way, someone else steps down ahead of me." Jesus said to him, "Stand up, take your mat, and walk." At once the man was made well, and he took up his mat and began to walk.
Now that day was a sabbath. So the Jews said to the man who had been cured, "It is the sabbath; it is not lawful for you to carry your mat. But he answered them, "The man who made me well said to me, 'Take up your mat and walk'." They asked him, "Who is the man who said to you, 'Take it up and walk'?" Now the man who had been healed did not know who it was, for Jesus had disappeared in the crowd that was there. Later Jesus found him in the temple and said to him, "See, you have been made well! Do not sin any more, so that nothing worse happens to you." The man went away and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him well. Therefore the Jews started persecuting Jesus, because he was doing such things on the sabbath. But Jesus answered them, "My Father is still working, and I also am working." For this reason the Jews were seeking all the more to kill him, because he was not only breaking the sabbath, but was also calling God his own Father, thereby making himself equal to God.
--John 5:1-18
I want to begin by reflecting on these two quotations:
"For the Son of Man is lord of the sabbath."
"My Father is still working, and I also am working."
It didn't take me too long in my reading through Numbers to find a potential contradiction within the Scriptures. I was right; each of the Gospels (with which I feel I have a reasonable amount of familiarity) present an "otherwise" of sorts. Now, it is tempting to look at this and say, "Aha! The Bible isn't infallible! See, it contradicts itself!" But, we must remember, the first passage was written thousands, possibly tens of thousands of years in advance. We have to look deeper, for if the Bible were to have any value at all, it is imperative that we take it in its entire body of work.
The storyline in Numbers takes place during the Israelites wandering on their way from Egypt to, well, roughly present-day Israel. Back in a time when walking was the primary mode of transportation (and general geographical knowledge may not have been top-notch, let alone the availability of GPS systems), it's going to take some time and a
lot of patience to get from point A to point B. There's one section that continuously talks about a cloud (God) residing over the tabernacle, but when the cloud would move, it meant it was time for the people to set out and walk. When the cloud stopped and set over an area, it was a signal that this was the place to camp. Sometimes the could (and consequently the people) would stay camped for a day, sometimes a few days, sometimes a week, depending on what the cloud saw fit. (Numbers 9:15-23)
But there were a lot of issues with anxiety and despair among the people. Being stuck in what is considered "no-man's-land" will do that. In a couple instances God wanted to do away with them, but because of Moses' and Aaron's faith and begging He relented. God's human emotions and tendencies seem to be on display often in this early book. Like the Israelites, it appears God is just as desperate that the people stay with Him and trust Him as He slowly and systematically (not to mention, safely) tries to lead them to where they are to end up. And to me it's kind of a startling concept: God as fallible? Is this really possible? (I mean, how do you explain that even God can fall prey to such human emotions as anxiety and despair... and rage?)
Let's pretend for a second that the atheists are right and God somehow doesn't exist (which, as a Theist, is kinda hard for me to do). [I guess this means the cloud and the tabernacle don't exist, either.] Then let's assume that the Israelites' travels across the Sinai Peninsula are still historically accurate. I mean, you look at other trips in early history, for example Alexander the Great's conquests through the Middle East, and all the way to the Indus River. How would the people have narrated the trials of such travels? There's a possibility that mention would have been made about how many of the travelers went insane and killed themselves. It's possible that word would have spread about who decided to return to Egypt and vanished (because they didn't know where they were, and couldn't figure out how they got to where they had been), who decided they needed meat and somehow got trampled by a boar-type animal, and other acts of insanity.
The point is, even back then, it was human nature to adopt the "what have you done for me lately" mentality, because quite frankly our memories are terrible as to the kind acts we've received years ago. I remember growing up and hearing about how the Israelites kept forgetting God and He'd have to find a strong way to remind them, "Hey! I'm still taking care of you! Don't forget about Me!"
So, allowing that God did and does exist, and that there is some credence to this story (even though I am both somewhat amazed and skeptical as to the intense detail of all of this), we turn to the sabbath-related ordinance. I mean, there were a
lot of rules listed during this time of travel, and apparently stoning a guy who's picking up sticks is an appropriate law. [Now, I'm aware of the irony that I also happen to be working on the (Christian) sabbath, but no one's stoned me in all these years, so I figure I'm fine at this point.] What would be the purpose of this? Why stone an individual to death merely for the infraction of picking up sticks on a [Saturday]?
This law looks ridiculous if taken by itself. The important key word here is "context." In Exodus (or Leviticus) there's an intensive series of commands concerning building the tabernacle, and a lot of the other commands were in such a way that the folk back then needed to understand it. In ancient Egypt, if a man whose house he built collapsed and killed its owners inside, he needed to be put to death. In modern America, if the same thing happened, he'd probably get sent to jail for manslaughter (or perhaps murder, if the judge and jury decided that the faulty house-building was intentional). But he wouldn't have been stoned. Stoning was merely a common method of punishment back in the Israelites' day, much like crucifixion during the Roman era. This stoning of a man picking up sticks on the sabbath was merely a commandment shaped to the human societal code, a punishment at a level that was acceptable to the people of that day.
So that takes care of stoning. But what about the simple concept of working (or playing) on the sabbath as an infraction? I will argue that this particular value is what's timeless. Regardless of the amount of truth in the creationist story "and God rested on the seventh day and blessed it..." (paraphrased from Genesis 2:2-3) I hear there is some degree of peace when it comes to doing something... different. Nowadays, everyone seems to be some sort of workaholic, either by habit or by necessity (or in my case, I'm a bum). But, as human beings we still need a break from whatever we spend our days doing. Working, gluing one's eyes to a computer... the purpose of a sabbath is to do something different (in most cases rest, pray and reflect). AJ Jacobs, author of
The Year of Living Biblically, is a confessed workaholic. But he also discovered he immensely enjoys resting on the sabbath. I imagine more people would take this view if they disciplined themselves well enough to follow through (myself included).
My last point deals with the supposed contradiction in the Gospels. In Passage 2, Jesus explains that King David fed his companions with bread at the temple on the sabbath for the same reasons that He was feeding his disciples: they were hungry. In Passage 3, Jesus heals a man who had been sick for quite some time, and it also happened to be the sabbath. The message: doing good and showing common sense were more important than sticking to some tradition at the expense of helping others. In other words, while it is important to revere the sabbath, it is not the
most important thing. Jesus' message reflected the idea of God as Love, and the greatest commandments being "love God," and "love your neighbor." Revering the sabbath fulfills the "love God" commandment; feeding or tending to others by any means necessary fulfills the "love your neighbor" commandment.
"For the Son of Man is lord of the sabbath." When in doubt, ask God what to do.
"My Father is still working, and I also am working." Love God, and love your neighbor.